{"id":275558,"date":"2024-10-08T19:10:07","date_gmt":"2024-10-08T17:10:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/upmp.news\/?p=275558"},"modified":"2024-10-08T19:10:10","modified_gmt":"2024-10-08T17:10:10","slug":"poland-and-ukraine-s-bloody-past-overshadows-their-anti-russia-alliance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/upmp.news\/en\/en-in-polish\/poland-and-ukraine-s-bloody-past-overshadows-their-anti-russia-alliance\/","title":{"rendered":"Poland and Ukraine\u2019s bloody past overshadows their anti-Russia alliance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Thousands died in wartime massacres and Warsaw wants Kyiv to admit responsibility and allow for exhumations and reburial of the victims.<\/strong> It is reported by Upmp.news with reference<\/a> to POLITICO.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

WARSAW \u2014 Poland and Ukraine are close allies when it comes to defeating their common enemy Russia, but their own bloodstained history is now straining Kyiv-Warsaw relations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

During World War II a guerrilla group called the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (known by its Ukrainian acronym, UPA) slaughtered tens of thousands of Poles in an effort to ethnically cleanse lands that had been part of Poland before the war but are now in western Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thousands of Ukrainians died in retaliatory attacks; some Ukrainian historians blamed the killings in part on long-standing Polish repression of Ukrainian national aspirations before the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Responsibility for the killings, known in Poland as the Volhynia Massacre, is a continued sore point between Warsaw and Kyiv, and in recent weeks has risen to the top of the political agenda in both capitals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poland is even threatening to block Ukraine\u2019s future membership of the European Union until Kyiv takes responsibility for the killings and allows for the exhumation and reburial of thousands of victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUkraine will not join the European Union \u2026 unless the issue is settled, exhumations are carried out, and proper commemoration takes place,\u201d Poland\u2019s Defense Minister W\u0142adys\u0142aw Kosiniak-Kamysz said<\/a> last Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He was echoing earlier comments<\/a> by Polish PM Donald Tusk, who warned in August: \u201cUkraine will, one way or another, have to live up to Polish expectations \u2026 Ukraine will not be a member of the European Union without Polish consent. Ukraine must meet standards, and they are multiple. It is not just a question of trade, border, legal and economic standards. It is also a question of cultural and political standards.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

That threat is buttressed by Poland\u2019s assumption of the rotating EU Council presidency next year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen are we supposed to make these demands?\u201d Kosiniak-Kamysz also said. \u201cAnti-Ukrainian sentiment in Poland is only going to increase if we don\u2019t bring it up now.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That is prompting Ukraine to try to calm Polish anger. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ukraine is \u201cready to talk\u201d about the difficult legacy of the Polish-Ukrainian wartime conflict, Foreign Minister Andrij Sybiha wrote<\/a> on social media on Wednesday, the night of his visit to Warsaw. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe discussed specific technical, not political steps, to finally resolve the issue of exhumation, which has been poisoning our political dialogue for a long time. There should be no political obstacles,\u201d Sybiha wrote, adding that the past \u201ccannot threaten \u2026 the future in the Euro-Atlantic family.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Long-standing tensions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The wartime massacres have been an irritant in relations between the two countries for decades \u2014 and the issue returns frequently despite Poland\u2019s unequivocal support for Kyiv since Russia\u2019s invasion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polish President Andrzej Duda and his Ukrainian counterpart Volodymyr Zelenskyy last year jointly commemorated<\/a> the killings in the west Ukrainian city of Lutsk \u2014 with both men paying tribute to the \u201cinnocent victims.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ukraine says both sides have to forgive and ask for forgiveness for what Kyiv calls a \u201ctragedy\u201d but not a massacre \u2014 a characterization Poland rejects.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Polish PM Donald Tusk warned in August: \u201cUkraine will, one way or another, have to live up to Polish expectations.\u201d | Omar Marques\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Despite that ceremony, the issue won\u2019t die \u2014 resurfacing again this summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under pressure from Poland, Ukraine softened its position last week. The country\u2019s National Institute of National Memory said<\/a> that, in response to \u201crequests from Polish citizens,\u201d it will add searching for the remains of massacre victims to its work plan in 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, neither Sybiha, the diplomacy chief, nor the institute were explicit on details such as whether \u201cresolving the issue of exhumation\u201d means meeting Poland\u2019s demands in full. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact, Anton Drobovych, the institute\u2019s head, went so far as to say that Poland chose to apply \u201cpressure without understanding\u201d Ukraine\u2019s position on the issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poland \u201cis not interested\u201d in finding an actual solution to the dispute and has disregarded the fact that Ukraine did carry out field work related to the Volhynia Massacre and commemorated the victims, for example in the region of Ternopil last year, Drobovych wrote<\/a> in a column for the European Pravda news website.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Old wounds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In Poland, the events in Volhynia are very much an unhealed wound, resonating across generations of Poles who survived the massacres and passed the memories on to their children and grandchildren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat matters to me is that my surviving aunts, whose families were murdered, can finally have a proper place to mourn,\u201d Karolina Romanowska, the granddaughter of a survivor, told POLITICO. Romanowska is one of the group of Polish citizens who requested exhumations and burial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her grandfather \u2014 then 13 years old \u2014 survived an UPA attack in May 1943 on the village of Uhly, some 65 kilometers from today\u2019s Polish-Ukrainian border. The attack left 18 other members of Romanowska\u2019s family dead amid an overall death toll of over 100.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe have cleansed Uhly of the Poles,\u201d Vasyl Levkovych, a UPA member who took part in the attack, wrote in his memoirs, a Polish book<\/a> on the events noted. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While there is a need for historical justice, both sides have to be careful, Romanowska said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere is a risk that the Polish-Ukrainian dispute on Volhynia may be used by some European countries that don\u2019t want Ukraine in the EU. They might try to blame Poland for a potential derailment of the membership talks. Polish politicians need to be aware of this,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romanowska now leads the Poland-Ukraine Reconciliation Association striving to bridge the clashing historical memories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Poland, the events in Volhynia were a brutal ethnic cleansing; in 2016 the Polish Parliament voted to recognize the mass killings of Poles as a \u201cgenocide of Polish people committed by Ukrainian nationalists in 1943-1945.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Poland and Ukraine are close allies when it comes to defeating their common enemy Russia. | Anatolii Stepanov\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

In Ukraine, however, the memory of the wartime struggles to create an independent state is one of heroism, and inspires today\u2019s generation fighting off Russian invaders. Levkovych, the perpetrator from Uhly, has a street named after him in a Ukrainian village near Lviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stepan Bandera, the far-right nationalist Ukrainian leader whose vision of an ethnically pure Ukraine inspired UPA, is celebrated as a national hero in Kyiv while many Poles see him as a war criminal. Russia also attacks the Ukrainian government for glorifying Bandera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bandera\u2019s branch of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists is also accused of having participated in the Holocaust alongside Nazi Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, Poland is walking on thin ice linking its otherwise justified historical demands with the issue of Ukraine\u2019s membership talks with the EU, warned Piotr Buras, head of the European Council on Foreign Relations office in Warsaw.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe can talk forever about Polish and Ukrainian history and where all grievances are coming from,\u201d Buras said. \u201cBut it\u2019s another thing to link it all with the European Union\u2019s enlargement. Ukraine joining the EU is in the strategic interest of Poland. To say that the issue of Volhynia is more important than Ukraine\u2019s integration with the EU is turning the matter on its head.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Domestic political battles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Duda recently echoed the sentiment expressed by Buras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf someone says that they will block Ukraine\u2019s access to the European Union, they are in line with Vladimir Putin\u2019s policy,\u201d Duda told<\/a> Polsat News, a broadcaster, last week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duda\u2019s lambasting the Tusk government over Volhynia is also a reflection of how the issue is entangled in domestic politics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Poland, the Tusk camp is playing hardball ahead of next year\u2019s presidential election<\/a>, hoping not to alienate right-wing voters in the stand-off against a candidate fielded by Law and Justice (PiS), the main opposition party backed by Duda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI get the impression that the [Tusk-led] coalition wants to get at least some votes of the so-called patriots, who are demanding Ukraine\u2019s unconditional acknowledgement of guilt for Volhynia,\u201d said Jan Piek\u0142o, Polish ambassador to Kyiv from 2016 to 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Ukraine, Piek\u0142o added, Zelenskyy has to be careful about not denouncing the country\u2019s past while he\u2019s fighting for its survival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPoland is not at war with Russia, Ukraine is. The legend of the UPA serves to boost Ukraine\u2019s wartime morale, something that Ukrainians cannot afford to neglect,\u201d said Piek\u0142o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ukrainian anger<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ukrainians have their own historical grievances. The number of Ukrainians killed by Poles in self-defense or retaliation in the 1940s has been put at between 10,000 and 15,000.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Polish President Andrzej Duda recently echoed the sentiment expressed by Buras. | Hollie Adams\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Right after the end of World War II, Poland\u2019s then-communist government forcibly resettled many Ukrainians who remained in the country, deporting them from their homelands in the southeast of the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ukraine has also complained for years about a monument in Monasterz, Poland, near the border with Ukraine. The monument, which honors UPA soldiers killed by the Soviets in 1945, was vandalized in 2015. A plaque listing the soldiers\u2019 names was smashed, while Ukrainian crosses were defaced. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

After years of back-and-forth, the monument was restored, but without reinstating the names. The Ukrainian side has been pushing for the full list of victims to be restored to the memorial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would just be a small part of a broader historical reconciliation between two peoples who have rubbed along for centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI think that Ukrainians should admit their guilt in the tragedy and Poles should admit theirs. Because it is obvious that the Ukrainians committed these atrocities, but what was it that led to this? Poland with its policy toward Ukrainians living under its rule,\u201d said YaroslavHrytsak, a Ukrainian historian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bad blood dates from long before the Second World War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poland controlled much of what is today\u2019s western Ukraine for centuries. The pre-war Polish state considered the Ukrainian minority dangerous and persecuted it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUkrainians do not want to admit responsibility for Volhynia, and Poles do not want to admit responsibility for Polish policy toward Ukrainians, which led to this tragedy. We have an impasse that could be overcome if there was political will on both sides,\u201d Hrytsak said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Warsaw says the dispute must not be framed as over two equivalent issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPoland doesn\u2019t want to escalate this but the question of burial and honoring these people is important to us. We\u2019re talking about 100,000 killed people,\u201d a foreign ministry official told POLITICO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe can talk about the [communist-era] resettlements and commemorating [Ukrainians] but let\u2019s solve the bigger problem first,\u201d the official added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veronika Melkozerova reported from Kyiv.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/strong>Karolina Romanowska<\/a><\/span>Poland and Ukraine<\/a><\/span>WARSAW<\/a> <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Thousands died in wartime massacres and Warsaw wants Kyiv to admit responsibility and allow for exhumations and reburial of the victims. 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